形容词、副词及其比较等级
2020-12-06 22:16 AtmosphereMao
形容词、副词及其比较等级
形容词、副词及其比较等级
形容词
什么是形容词
用来修饰名词、代词
的一类词,表示名词、代词的性质和特征
- This is an
interesting
story. - The dog is
clever
.
形容词的功能
-
定语
- This is an interesting book.
-
表语
- This book is interesting.
-
补语
- We find this book interesting.
形容词作定语
形容词作前置定语
-
单个形容词:一般放在所
修饰的名词之前
- 一个漂亮的女孩 a
beautiful
girl - 一只可爱的狗 a
cute
dog - 一个干净的房间 a
clean
room
- 一个漂亮的女孩 a
-
多个形容词修饰一个名词的排列口诀:
- 限,美小圆旧黄,法国木书房
- 限定词:冠词、数词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词
- 前位限定词(只能出现在某些中位限定词之前)
- all, both , half
- 倍数词 double, twice, three times
- 分数词 one-third, one-fifth one-third the time
- such, what
- 中位限定词(在名词中心词之前只能出现一个这样的词)
- 定冠词、不定冠词/ this / that / these / those / my / your / Merry's / my friend's / some / any / every / each / no
- 后位限定词(接在前位限定词或中位限定词后面)
- 基数词 my three children
- 序数词 the first day, the last day(一般序数词,last, next, past, another, additional, further)
- 封闭类数量词 few people
- 开放类数量词 a large number of people
- 前位限定词(只能出现在某些中位限定词之前)
- 美:美丑好坏,强壮
- 小:尺寸大小(big,little)
- 圆:形状
- 旧:物(新旧) / 人(年龄 younge/old)
- 黄:颜色
- 法国:国家
- 木:材质
- 书:用途
- 房:名词
- 一个黑色新钢笔 a new black pen
- 这座古老的中式石桥 the old Chinese stone bridge
- 限定词:冠词、数词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词
- 限,美小圆旧黄,法国木书房
形容词作后置定语
作后置定语(五种情况)
-
通常以
a-开头的adj
(表语adj),修饰名词
应后置
,不用于名词前。- alike(相像的), alone(独自的), alive(活着的), alseep(睡着的), awake(醒着的)
- eg: 一个睡着的婴儿 a baby asleep
- eg: 一个活着的男人 a man alive
-
某些以
-able和-ible结尾的adj
常作后置定语
- available, imaginable(可想像的), possible(可能的), visible(可看见的)
考点:available
常作后置定语
- 指物:可获得的;可购得的;可找到的;可使用的
- 指人:有空的
- eg
- Do you have a room
available
? - She will be
available
this afternoon.
- Do you have a room
-
adj修饰复合不定代词
,应后置
- 前部分:some-, any-, every-, no-
- 后部分:-body, -one, -thing
- 结合情况(不定代词):somebody, something, everyone...
- eg: There is
something interesting
in the newspaper.
-
present, absent
常作后置定语
- present作
“出席的,到场的”
之意(修饰人
),不用于名词前(后置定语);(还有种含义是“目前的,当前的”(修饰物
),当词意是该含义时则不需要后置) - absent作
“缺席的,不在的”
之意,不用于名词前(后置定语) - eg:
- All the students present can get a book tody
- All the students absent won't get the book.
- present作
-
长、宽、高、深及年龄,莫忘定语如何放(后置定语)
- eg
- The river is about 200 meters
long
and 10 meterswide
. - I am 20 years
old
. - Mount Qomolangma is 8844.43 meters
high
. - The Yellow River is about 2.5 meters
deep
.
- The river is about 200 meters
- eg
由分词转化而来的形容词
过去分词(-ed)转化而来的adj:用来修饰人 (感到...的)
现在分区(-ing)转化而来的adj:用来修饰物 (令人...的)
巧记:人-d物-ing
eg
- This is an
interesting
book. - He is
interested
in this book.
-
excite 使兴奋
- excited:感到兴奋的
- exciting:令人兴奋的
-
interest 使感兴趣
- interested:感到有趣的
- interesting:有趣的
-
surprise 使惊奇
- surprised:感到惊奇的
- surprising:令人惊奇的
-
disappoint 使失望
- disappointed:感到失望的
- disappointing:令人失望的
-
discourage 使灰心,使泄气
- discouraged:感到气馁的
- discouraging:令人泄气的
-
annoy 使恼怒
- annoyed:感到恼怒的
- annoying:令人恼怒的
-
confuse 使困惑
- confused:感到困惑的
- confusing:令人困惑的
-
please 使愉快
- pleased:感到高兴的
- pleasing:令人愉快的
-
bore 使厌烦
- bored:厌倦的
- boring:令人厌倦的
-
embarrass 使尴尬
- embarrassed:感到尴尬的
- embarrassing:令人尴尬的
固定搭配:be + adj + 介词 + 宾语
-
be + adj + about + 宾语
- eg:
- be worried about 对...担心
- be anxious about 对...焦虑
- be concerned about 对...关心
- be particular about 对...挑剔
- She
is always particular about
her boyfriend.
- eg:
-
be + adj + at + 宾语
- eg:
- be good at 擅长
- be amazed at 对...吃惊
- be disgusted at 对...厌恶
- be surprised at 对...吃惊
- They
were amazed at
what their mother did.
- eg:
-
be + adj + for + 宾语
- eg:
- be responsible for 对...负责
- be famous for 以...闻名
- The writer
is famous for
his stories. - Everyone should
be responsible for
his work.
- eg:
-
be + adj + in + 宾语
- eg:
- be interested in 对...感兴趣
- be absorbed in 专心于
- be involved in 卷入,涉及到
- We should
be abosrbed in
our study. - Mary
was involved in
an accident.
- eg:
-
be + adj + of + 宾语
- eg:
- be ashamed of 对...羞愧
- be capable of 有能力 (be capable of doing sth = be able to do sth 有能力做某事)
- be fond of 喜爱
- be proud of 骄傲
- be worthy of 值得
- eg:
-
be + adj + to + 宾语
- eg:
- be sensitive to 对...敏感
- be devoted to 致力于
- be similar to 与...相似
- be superior to 优于
- be inferior to 劣于
- be addicted to 沉迷于
- eg:
-
be + adj + with + 宾语
- eg:
- be popular with 受...欢迎
- be satisified with 对...满意
- A be familiar with B.(with前后) = B be familiar to A.(to后前) (A对B熟悉)
- eg:
固定搭配:形容词词义辨析
考点
- 形近词词义辨析
- 近义词词义辨析
形近词词义辨析
-
respective, respectable, respected, respectful, respecting
- respect (v) 尊重,尊敬
- respective 分别的,各自的
- respectable 值得尊敬的,体面的,得体的
- respected 受到尊敬的
- respectful 尊敬的,有礼貌的,恭敬的
- respecting 关于(prep.)
- respect (v) 尊重,尊敬
-
sensible, sensitive, sentimental
- sense (n) 感觉
- sensible 理想的,明智的
- sensitive 敏感的,善解人意的,灵敏的
- sentiment (n) 感情,伤感
- sentimental 情感那的,伤感的,多愁善感的
- sense (n) 感觉
-
late, last, later, latter
- late 晚的,迟的;晚期的,接近末期的 (late spring 晚春)
- last 最后的,最末的;上一个的 (last week 上周)
- later 较晚的 (比较级) / adv. 后来
- latter 后者的 (former 前者)
-
sufficient, efficient, effective
- sufficient 足够的,充分的 (物品)
- efficient 有能力的,有效率的 (工作/学习等)
- effective 有效的,起作用的 (药物)
- effect (n) 效果
近义词词义辨析
-
average, normal, usual, general, ordinary, regular
- average (水平等)平常的,平均的
- normal (精神及身体状况等)正常的
- usual 通常的,寻常的 (常指发生频率高的事) usually
- general 大致的,全体的,普遍的
- ordinary 普通的,平常的;平凡的;平淡无奇的
- regular 有规律的;频繁的,定期的
-
silent, quiet, still, calm
- silent (人) 不说话,沉默的;无声的,寂静的
- quiet (环境) 宁静的,安静的
- still 静止的,不动的,没有活力的
- calm 镇定的,冷静的,沉着的 (人的心理活动)
副词
副词的构词法
-
一般以
-ly结尾
为副词- eg: normally, hardly, usually, probably, willingly(乐意地), generally(普遍的), carefully , directly, clearly(清楚地), greatly(非常,极大地 = very)...
-
特殊情况:一些以
-ly结尾
的可以用作形容词
- friendly(友好的), deadly(致命的), lonely(孤独的), likely(可能的), lively(充满活力的), lovely(可爱的)...
副词的功能
-
修饰
动词
:此时副词通常置于动词之后
- eg: He
studies hard(adv)
.
- eg: He
-
修饰
形容词
:此时副词通常置于该形容词之前
- eg:He is
very kind(adv)
.
- eg:He is
-
修饰
副词
:此时副词通常置于该副词之前
- eg:He studies
very(adv) diligently
.
- eg:He studies
-
修饰
全句
:此时副词通常置于句首
- eg:
Fortunately(adv)
, he did not die.
- eg:
enough 的用法
-
adj. 足够的,充足的
- 用法:修饰
名词
,通常置于名词之前
- eg: They have
enough(adv) money
to buy the tickets.
- 用法:修饰
-
adv. 足够地,充分地,充足地
- 用法:用于
形容词、副词、动词之后
(enough 修饰 adj/adv 应后置) - eg: She is
old(adj) enough
to decide for herself.
- 用法:用于
-
adj + enough to do sth. 足够...做某事
- This house isn't
big enough
for us. - He could'nt
earn enough
to support the family.
- This house isn't
enough 在 名词前,形容词、副词动词后
,如果是形容词
,则是`adj + enough to do sth
too 的用法
too + adj/adv + to do ... 太...而不能...
- He is
too young to
join the army.
- He is
so 和 such 的用法区别
-
so: (adv.) 表程度,含义为:如此
- 用法:可以修饰
形容词或副词:so + adj./adv.
- 常用结构:
so + adj. + a(n) + 可数名词单数
- eg:
- She is
so beautiful
. - She is
so beautiful a girl
.
- She is
- 用法:可以修饰
-
特殊用法:so + many/few/much/little + 名词
- eg:
- so many/few flowers (如此多/少的花)
- so much/little money (如此多/少的钱)
- eg:
-
such: (adj.) 表程度,含义为:如此的
- 用法:修饰
名词
,结构为:such + n.
- 常用结构如下:
such + a(n) + adj. + 可数名词单数
(和such相比,a(n)是在adj.前面)- such + adj. + 可数名词复数
- such + adj. + 不可数名词
- eg:
- such a hot day(这么热的一天)
- such hot days(这种大热天)
- such good weather(如此好的天气)
- 用法:修饰
副词的词义辨析
every day 和 everyday
- every day (adv) 每天
- everyday (adj) 平常的,日常的
形容词、副词原级比较
-
肯定式:as/so + adj./adv.的原级 + as
- 含义:
一方和...另一方一样...
- eg:
- Reba is as beautiful as Nazha.
- This film is as interesting as that one.
- 含义:
-
否定式:not as/so + adj./adv.的原级 + as (即在肯定式前面加not)
- 含义:
一方不及另一方...
- eg:
- Nazha is not as beautiful as Reba.
- 含义:
-
注意:
- 当
as ... as ...
句型中,两个as中间有名词
,应用句型:- as + adj. + a(n) + 单数名词 + as ...
- as many/much/few/little + 复数n/不可数n + as ...
- eg:
- She is as good a student as Mary.
- 当
-
规则变化:
- 比较级在词尾 + er ; 最高级在词尾 + est
- eg:
- tall - taller - tallest
- hard - harder - hardest
- clever - cleverer - cleverest
- eg:
- 比较级在词尾 + er ; 最高级在词尾 + est
-
以字母 "e" 结尾的,在词尾加-r和-st
- eg:
- nice - nicer - nicest
- fine - finer - finest
- simple - simpler - simplest
- large - larger - lagest
- eg:
-
以辅音字母加 "y" 结尾的,变 y 为 i 再加 -er 和 -est
- eg:
- easy - easier - easiest
- early - earlier - earliest
- eg:
-
对于多音节和部分双音节词:词前加 more 表比较级,词前加 most 表最高级
- eg:
- important - more important - most important
- famous - more famous - most famous
- popular - more popular - most popular
- careful - more careful - most careful
- eg:
-
不规则变化
- many/much - more - most
- good/well - better - best
- bad/badly/ill - worse - worst
- little - less - least
- far - farther/further - farthest/furthest
- eg:
- I couldn't walk any farther/further.(距离远)
- The police decide to investigate further(进一步). (抽象 只有further表)
- eg:
-
old - older/elder - oldest/eldest
- 年龄比较用 older, oldest
- eg:
- He is older than me.
- 家庭中的长幼顺序用 elder,eldest
- eg:
- elder sister 长姐
形容词、副词比较级考点
比较级 + than
- eg:
- Mary works harder than Tom.
- Health is more important than wealth.
- eg:
much 可用来修饰比较级:much + 比较级
-
`表达 "越来越..." 含义
- 单音节词:比较级 + and + 比较级
- 多音节词:more and more + adj/adv
- eg:
- bigger and bigger
- more and more beautiful
-
the + 比较级 + 主谓 ... , the + 比较级 +主谓 ...
- eg:
- The harder you work, the luckier you will be.
- The higher you can see, the farther you can see.
- eg:
-
可以放在
比较级前修饰比较级
的词:- 口诀:四个A甚至仍旧没有任何的马骑,怎么走的相当远
- 四个A:a little, a bit, a lot, a great deal
- 甚至:even
- 仍旧:still
- 任何:any
- 马骑:many/much
- 相当:rather, quite/fairly
- 远:far
- eg:
- He is
much
taller than me.
- He is
- 口诀:四个A甚至仍旧没有任何的马骑,怎么走的相当远
-
特殊情况:比较用原级,后用to
- superior 高级的 (比...好,优于, be ~ to)
- inferior 下等的 (比...差,劣于,be ~ to)
- senior 年长的 (比...年纪大,be ~ to)
- junior 年少的 (比....年少,be ~ to)
- eg:
- The computer
is superior to
that one.
- The computer
-
倍数表达法
'- 倍数表达法一:
- A + 谓语 + 倍数 +
比较级 + than
+ B.
- A + 谓语 + 倍数 +
- 倍数表达法二:
- A + 谓语 + 倍数 +
as + adj/adv 原级 + as
+ B.
- A + 谓语 + 倍数 +
- 倍数表达法三:
- A + 谓语 + 倍数 +
the size/length/height/width... of
+ B. (表示A是B大/长/高/宽...)
- A + 谓语 + 倍数 +
once
一倍twice
两倍three times
三倍X(倍数) times
X倍(三倍数之上)- eg:
- 杨的眼睛比孙的眼睛大三倍。 Yang's eyes
are three times bigger than
Sun's eyes. - 杨的眼睛是孙红雷眼睛的四倍。 Yang's eyes
are four times as big as
Sun's eyes.
- 杨的眼睛比孙的眼睛大三倍。 Yang's eyes
- 倍数表达法一:
形容词、副词最高级考点
三个或三个以上的人或事物进行比较时:
- 公式:主语 + 谓语 +
the + adj/adv 最高级 + 比较的范围(大于等于3个)
- eg:
- YaoMing is
the tallest
in these people.
- YaoMing is
- 公式:主语 + 谓语 +
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